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Bone.

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Adipocytes are a major component of the bone marrow, accounting for up to 70% of total bone marrow volume in healthy humans. Indeed, this bone marrow adipose tissue (often referred to as ‘MAT’ or ‘BMAT’) accounts for at least 5% of total adipose tissue mass in lean, healthy humans, suggesting a role in normal physiology and development. Bone marrow adiposity further increases with ageing and in diverse clinical conditions, including major public health challenges such as osteoporosis. Yet despite this abundance and compelling clinical potential, bone marrow adipocytes have received surprisingly little attention from the biomedical research community. Thankfully, this is now beginning to change. Research over the past decade has begun to increase our knowledge of BMAT, including the conditions associated with altered bone marrow adiposity and the potential physiological and pathological functions of bone marrow adipocytes. The articles within this e-Book highlight many of these recent developments, underscoring our increasing knowledge of BMAT formation and function; showcasing emerging techniques for basic and clinical BMAT analysis; and highlighting key questions and future directions for this burgeoning and increasingly diverse field. The editors would like to express their thanks to the authors for contributing the articles within this e-Book; to the senior editors at Frontiers in Endocrinology for their guidance; and to the staff at Frontiers for their helpful input throughout.

bone

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Bone Diseases --- Bone Diseases

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In mammals, bone is a tissue that can regenerate itself when a medium size lesion is observed. More than 6 million broken bone are observed (Gautschi and al. 2007; Ali and al. 2014). Traditional bone repair methods shown their limits. Those limits pushed researchers to propose innovative methods. As a part of this thesis, our emphasis was on those new methods that could be used for bone repair. Thereby, we shall develop new strategies using growth factors delivery from different type of scaffold. On one hand, we shall discuss the growth factors that shown a convincing osteoconductive property within the context of bone repair. In another hand, we shall discuss the used interactions that optimize the growth factors delivery in the bone repair zone and this in order to mimic the biological conditions of bone repair. Chez les mammifères, l’os est un tissue capable de régénération lorsqu’une lésion de taille réduite s’observe. Plus de 6 millions de fractures sont recensées aux États-Unis. Dans 5 à 10 % des cas, des complications de régénérations s’observent (Gautschi, et al. 2007 ; Ali et al. 2014). Les méthodes de réparation osseuses classiques présentent des limites qui ont dès lors motivé les chercheurs vers des méthodes plus innovantes. Dans le cadre de ce travail de fin d’études, nous nous sommes intéressés à ces nouvelles méthodes de régénération osseuse. Ainsi, les différentes stratégies de délivrance des facteurs de croissance à partir de matrices de support y sont développées. D’une part, nous développerons les facteurs de croissance montrant un potentiel ostéoinducteur probant dans le cadre de la régénération osseuse. D’autre part, nous développerons les interactions exploitées permettant d’optimiser leur libération au sein de la zone de régénération et ceci dans le but de mimer au mieux les conditions biologiques de la réparation osseuse.

Bone Regeneration --- Bone Transplantation --- Bone Development

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Bone neoplasms